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National Geographic Daily News

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Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave

Barefoot winemakers likely worked in cave where = oldest=20 leather shoe was found.

Main Content

=20

An apparent wine press (in front of sign) and = fermentation=20 vat (right) emerge during a dig in Armenia.

Photograph courtesy Gregory Areshian

James Owen

for National Geographic = News

Published January 10, 2011

As if making the = oldest=20 known leather shoe = wasn't=20 enough, a prehistoric people in=20 what's now Armenia = also=20 built the world's=20 oldest known winery, = a new=20 study says.

Undertaken at a burial site, their winemaking may have been = dedicated=20 to the dead=E2=80=94and it likely required the removal = of any fancy=20 footwear.

Near the village of Areni, in the same cave where a stunningly = preserved,=20 5,500-year-old leather moccasin was recently found, archaeologists have=20 unearthed a wine press for stomping grapes, fermentation and storage = vessels,=20 drinking cups, and withered grape vines, skins, and seeds, the study = says.

"This is the earliest, most reliable evidence of wine production," = said=20 archaeologist Greg= ory=20 Areshian of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

"For the first time, we have a complete archaeological picture of = wine=20 production dating back 6,100 years," he said. (Related: "First=20 Wine? Archaeologist Traces Drink to Stone Age.")

The prehistoric winemaking equipment was first detected in 2007, when = excavations co-directed by Areshian and Armenian archaeologist Boris = Gasparyan=20 began at the Areni-1 cave complex.

In September 2010 archaeologists completed excavations of a large,=20 2-foot-deep (60-centimeter-deep) vat buried next to a shallow, = 3.5-foot-long=20 (1-meter-long) basin made of hard-packed clay with elevated edges.

The installation suggests the Copper Age vintners pressed their wine = the=20 old-fashioned way, using their feet, Areshian said.

Juice from the trampled grapes drained into the vat, where it was = left to=20 ferment, he explained.

The wine was then stored in jars=E2=80=94the cool, dry conditions of = the cave would=20 have made a perfect wine cellar, according to Areshian, who co-authored = the new=20 study, published Tuesday in the Journal=20 of Archaeological Science.

(Related pictures: "Before=20 and After: Wine-Cult Cave Art Restored in Petra.")

Wine Traces

To test whether the vat and jars in the Armenian cave had held wine, = the team=20 chemically analyzed pottery shards=E2=80=94which had been = radiocarbon-dated to between=20 4100 B.C. and 4000 B.C.=E2=80=94for telltale residues.

The chemical tests revealed traces of malvidin, the plant pigment = largely=20 responsible for red wine's color.

"Malvidin is the best chemical indicator of the presence of wine we = know of=20 so far," Areshian said.

Ancient-wine expert Patrick = E.=20 McGovern, a biomolecular archaeologist at the University of = Pennsylvania=20 Museum in Philadelphia, agrees the evidence argues convincingly for a = winemaking=20 facility.

One thing that would make the claim a bit stronger, though, said = McGovern,=20 who wasn't involved in the study, is the presence of tartaric acid, = another=20 chemical indicator of grapes. Malvidin, he said, might have come from = other=20 local fruits, such as pomegranates.

Combined with the malvidin and radiocarbon evidence, traces of = tartaric acid=20 "would then substantiate that the facility is the earliest yet found," = he=20 said.

"Later, we know that small treading vats for stomping out the grapes = and=20 running the juice into underground jars are used all over the Near East = and=20 throughout the Mediterranean," he added.

(Related: "Ancient=20 Christian 'Holy Wine' Factory Found in Egypt.")

Winery Discovery Backed Up by DNA?

McGovern called the discovery "important and unique, because it = indicates=20 large-scale wine production, which would imply, I think, that the grape = had=20 already been domesticated."

As domesticated vines yield much more fruit than wild varieties, = larger=20 facilities would have been needed to process the grapes.

McGovern has uncovered chemical and archaeological evidence of wine, = but not=20 of a winery, in northern Iran dating back some 7,000 = years=E2=80=94around a thousand=20 years earlier than the new find.

But the apparent discovery that winemaking using domesticated = grapevines=20 emerged in what's now Armenia appears to dovetail with previous DNA = studies of=20 cultivated grape varieties, McGovern said. Those studies had pointed to = the=20 mountains of Armenia, Georgia, and neighboring countries as the = birthplace of=20 viticulture.

McGovern=E2=80=94whose book Uncorki= ng the=20 Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages = traces=20 the origins of wine=E2=80=94said the Areni grape perhaps produced a = taste similar to=20 that of ancient Georgian varieties that appear to be ancestors of the = Pinot Noir=20 grape, which results in a dry red.

To preserve the wine, however, tree resin would probably have been = added, he=20 speculated, so the end result may actually have been more like a Greek = retsina,=20 which is still made with tree resin.

In studying ancient alcohol, he added, "our chemical analyses have = shown tree=20 resin in many wine samples."

Ancient Drinking Rituals

While the identities of the ancient, moccasin-clad wine quaffers = remain a=20 mystery, their drinking culture likely involved ceremonies in honor of = the dead,=20 UCLA's Areshian believes.

"Twenty burials have been identified around the wine-pressing = installation.=20 There was a cemetery, and the wine production in the cave was related to = this=20 ritualistic aspect," Areshian speculated.

Significantly, drinking cups have been found inside and around the=20 graves.

McGovern, the ancient-wine expert, said later examples of ancient=20 alcohol-related funerary rituals have been found throughout the = world.

In ancient Egypt, for example, "you have illustrations inside the = tombs=20 showing how many jars of beer and wine from the Nile Delta are to be = provided to=20 the dead," McGovern said. (Also see "Scorpion=20 King's Wines=E2=80=94Egypt's Oldest=E2=80=94Spiked With Meds.")

"I guess a cave is secluded, so it's good for a cemetery, but it's = also good=20 for making wine," he added. "And then you have the wine right there, so = you can=20 keep the ancestors happy."

Future work planned at Areni will further investigate links between = the=20 burials and winemaking, study leader Areshian said.

Winemaking as Revolution

The discovery is important, the study team says, because winemaking = is seen=20 as a significant social and technological innovation among prehistoric=20 societies.

Vine growing, for instance, heralded the emergence of new, = sophisticated=20 forms of agriculture, Areshian said.

"They had to learn and understand the cycles of growth of the plant," = he=20 said. "They had to understand how much water was needed, how to prevent = fungi=20 from damaging the harvest, and how to deal with flies that live on the=20 grapes.

"The site gives us a new insight into the earliest phase of = horticulture=E2=80=94how=20 they grew the first orchards and vineyards," he added.

University of Pennsylvania archaeologist Naomi Miller commented that = "from a=20 nutritional and culinary perspective, wine expands the food supply by = harnessing=20 the otherwise sour and unpalatable wild grape.

"From a social perspective, for good and ill," Miller said, = "alcoholic=20 beverages change the way we interact with each other in society."

****

The ancient-winery study was led by UCLA's Hans Barnard and = partially=20 funded by the National Geographic Society's Committee=20 for Research and Exploration. (The Society owns National = Geographic=20 News.)

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Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave

Barefoot winemakers likely worked in cave where = oldest=20 leather shoe was found.

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